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Ribbed reinforcing bars made of austenitic or duplex stainless steel, used where chlorides would corrode ordinary rebar: bridge decks, sea walls, jetties, tunnels and car parks. They cost several times as much as carbon steel rebar per tonne but are placed only in the exposed zones, and they remove the main cause of repair in coastal concrete.
In concrete exposed to sea water, de-icing salt or salty ground, chlorides work their way to the reinforcement, break down the passive layer that the alkaline concrete gives carbon steel, and the bar rusts. Rust occupies several times the volume of the steel, so the cover cracks and spalls. Stainless reinforcement does not corrode at chloride levels many times higher, so it can be used to stretch the design life of exposed elements to 100 years or more with less concrete cover and no coatings.
Stainless rebar is rolled from stainless billets on bar mills similar to carbon steel rebar mills, then pickled to remove scale and restore the passive surface. Because the strength of stainless comes from its chemistry and cold work rather than from the quench-and-temper process used for TMT bars, the grades are classified by both strength (for example 500 MPa yield to BS 6744) and corrosion resistance.
Duplex grades — lean duplex 1.4362 (2304) and 1.4482, and 1.4462 (2205) for the harshest exposure — now dominate the market because they combine high strength, good chloride resistance and a lower, more stable nickel content than 316. Austenitic 1.4436 (316) and 1.4301 (304) are also used, and several lean grades have been developed specifically for rebar.
In the GCC, where ground and ground water are saline and many structures stand on the coast, stainless rebar has been used on bridges, marine works and landmark projects, usually only in splash zones, parapets and joints. Designers in the region typically specify BS 6744 with a duplex grade. It can be tied directly to carbon steel rebar inside sound concrete without a galvanic problem, which is why it is economic to use it only where it is needed.
Stainless rebar is ordered by diameter, grade and length like carbon steel rebar. The nominal mass per metre is close to that of carbon steel bar of the same diameter; check the standard used for invoicing.
| Region | Standard | What it covers |
|---|---|---|
| UK | BS 6744 BSI |
Stainless steel bars for the reinforcement of and use in concrete — grades 200, 500 and 650, the usual specification in the UK and the GCC |
| USA | ASTM A955/A955M ASTM |
Deformed and plain stainless-steel bars for concrete reinforcement |
| USA | ASTM A1022/A1022M ASTM |
Deformed and plain stainless steel wire and welded wire for concrete reinforcement |
| Europe | EN 10088-5 CEN-CENELEC |
Stainless steels — bars, rods, wire, sections and bright products of corrosion-resisting steels for construction purposes |
| Europe | EN 10080 CEN-CENELEC |
Steel for the reinforcement of concrete — general requirements; often cited for rib geometry and testing |
| International | ISO 15510 ISO |
Stainless steels — chemical composition |
Grade equivalents and the standards bodies: Steel grades & standards
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