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Steel wire is wire rod cold drawn through dies to a smaller, accurate diameter, which raises its strength and gives it a clean, uniform surface. Low-carbon wire becomes nails, binding wire, mesh and fencing; high-carbon wire becomes springs, rope, prestressing wire and tyre cord.
Wire is made by pulling wire rod, after the scale has been removed by pickling or mechanical descaling, through a series of tungsten-carbide dies, each slightly smaller than the last, with a soap or powder lubricant. Every pass reduces the diameter and work-hardens the steel, so drawn wire is much stronger than the rod it came from. When a soft wire is needed — binding wire, wire for weaving — it is annealed after drawing, which gives the familiar dark 'black annealed' wire. High-carbon wire for springs and rope is patented (heat treated to fine pearlite) between drawing stages so that it can be drawn to very high strength.
Carbon content decides the family. Low-carbon wire (up to about 0.25% C) is soft and easy to form: it goes into nails, binding wire, welded mesh, chain-link and barbed-wire fencing, wire products and the reinforcing wire of mesh and lattice girders. Medium and high-carbon wire (about 0.35–0.85% C) is drawn to tensile strengths of 1,500–2,500 MPa for springs, wire ropes, bead wire, prestressing wire and strand.
Wire is sold bright (as drawn, with a trace of lubricant), oiled, black annealed, or coated with zinc or plastic — the last two are covered under coated wire. Diameters are specified in millimetres in every current standard, but gauge numbers (SWG and BWG) are still common in trade; the gauge table converts them.
In the Gulf the biggest single use is black annealed binding wire for tying rebar, and wire for nails, mesh and fencing, drawn locally from imported and GCC-rolled wire rod by a large number of wire-drawing plants in the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Oman. Spring, rope and prestressing wire are mostly imported.
Wire is ordered by diameter and tolerance, tensile strength range or grade, surface finish and packing. Tensile strength is usually more important to the user than chemistry, and is stated as a range (for example 400–550 MPa for soft wire).
Full dimensions: Wire gauges: SWG and BWG to millimetres, with mass per metre
| Region | Standard | What it covers |
|---|---|---|
| Europe | EN 10218-1 / -2 CEN-CENELEC |
Steel wire and wire products — test methods; dimensions and tolerances of wire |
| International | EN ISO 16120 ISO |
Non-alloy steel wire rod for conversion to wire — the grade designations (C4D…C86D) carried over to the wire |
| Europe | EN 10270-1 CEN-CENELEC |
Steel wire for mechanical springs — patented cold-drawn unalloyed spring steel wire (SL, SM, SH, DM, DH) |
| Europe | EN 10264-1 to -4 CEN-CENELEC |
Steel wire and wire products — steel wire for ropes |
| USA | ASTM A510/A510M ASTM |
General requirements for wire rods and coarse round wire, carbon steel |
| USA | ASTM A1064/A1064M ASTM |
Carbon-steel wire and welded wire reinforcement, plain and deformed, for concrete |
| USA | ASTM A82/A82M ASTM replaced by ASTM A1064 |
Plain steel wire for concrete reinforcement |
| USA | ASTM A228/A228M ASTM |
Music spring quality steel wire |
| Japan | JIS G3532 JSA |
Low carbon steel wires (SWM: ordinary, annealed, nail wire) |
| Japan | JIS G3521 JSA |
Hard drawn steel wires (SW-A, SW-B, SW-C) |
| China | GB/T 343 SAC |
General purpose low carbon steel wire |
| India | IS 280 BIS |
Mild steel wire for general engineering purposes |
Grade equivalents and the standards bodies: Steel grades & standards
Steel Mills - Agents & Traders · Coil Service Center · Stockist - Distributor · Dammam
Steel Mills - Agents & Traders · Coil Service Center · Stockist - Distributor · Dammam
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