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Steel balls are hardened, ground and lapped spheres made to very close limits of size and roundness. Chrome steel balls are the rolling elements of ball bearings; carbon steel balls are used in bicycle and furniture parts, conveyors, castors and slides, and precision balls in valves, pumps and measuring instruments.
Balls are cold headed (or hot forged for large sizes) from wire or bar between hemispherical dies, then the flash is removed by rolling between grooved plates. They are heat-treated, ground and finally lapped in batches between plates until every ball in the lot is within a fraction of a micrometre of the same size and roundness.
Bearing balls are made from high-carbon chromium steel — AISI 52100, 100Cr6, JIS SUJ2 or GB GCr15, which are essentially the same steel — through-hardened to around 60–66 HRC. Carbon steel balls of low-carbon steel are case hardened: hard on the surface and tough in the core, and much cheaper, for less demanding uses.
The precision of a ball is given by its ISO 3290-1 grade. The lower the grade number, the tighter the limits on size and form: a G10 ball is round within 0.25 µm and a G100 ball within 2.5 µm. Bearing balls are mostly G5 to G28; G100 and coarser grades are used where a ball only has to roll or seal.
Ball production is concentrated in China, Europe, Japan, India and Taiwan. The GCC imports balls inside finished bearings and as loose balls for bearing repair, valve and pump service and industrial uses.
| Region | Standard | What it covers |
|---|---|---|
| International | ISO 3290-1 ISO |
Rolling bearings — balls — Part 1: steel balls; grades, dimensional and form tolerances, surface roughness |
| USA | ASTM F2215 ASTM |
Balls, bearing, ferrous and nonferrous for use in bearings, valves and bearing components |
| International | ISO 683-17 ISO |
Heat-treated steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — ball and roller bearing steels (100Cr6 and others) |
| USA | ASTM A295/A295M ASTM |
High-carbon anti-friction bearing steel (52100) |
Grade equivalents and the standards bodies: Steel grades & standards
Steel Mills - Agents & Traders · Fabrication · Dammam
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