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Small particles of hardened steel thrown at a surface by a wheel or blown by compressed air to remove mill scale, rust and old coatings, to roughen steel before painting, or to peen it. Shot is round and cleans and peens; grit is angular, made by crushing shot, and cuts a sharp profile. Both are recycled hundreds of times in a closed blast machine.
Cast steel shot is made by atomising molten high-carbon steel with water, which breaks the stream into droplets that solidify as spheres; they are then quenched, tempered and screened to size. Grit is shot crushed into angular particles and tempered to a chosen hardness. Cut wire shot is cut from drawn wire and conditioned round, giving very uniform particles for peening.
Choice of abrasive is a trade-off. Round shot gives a peened, dimpled finish, cleans quickly and lasts longest; angular grit cuts a sharper, deeper anchor profile that paint systems often require, and the harder the grit the sharper the profile and the faster it breaks down. Many blast lines run a mix. Size controls the result: larger particles give a deeper profile and remove heavy scale; smaller ones give more impacts per second and a finer finish.
In a wheel-blast machine the abrasive is recycled continuously, with dust and fines separated out and new abrasive added to replace what is consumed; consumption is measured in kg per tonne or per square metre cleaned, and is what an abrasive's quality is judged on. Air-blasting in open yards uses steel grit in recovery systems or non-metallic expendable abrasives.
In the GCC steel shot and grit are used by steel service centres and pipe mills that blast and prime plate, sections and line pipe, by fabrication yards and offshore and petrochemical painting contractors, foundries and spring makers. Supply is imported, mainly from Europe, China, India and Turkey.
Sizes follow SAE J444: the shot number is the nominal diameter in ten-thousandths of an inch, and the grit number is the US sieve that retains most of the grit. See the size table.
Full dimensions: Steel shot and grit sizes (SAE J444)
| Region | Standard | What it covers |
|---|---|---|
| USA | SAE J444 | Cast shot and grit size specifications for peening and cleaning |
| USA | SAE J827 | High-carbon cast steel shot — chemistry, hardness and microstructure |
| USA | SAE J1993 | High-carbon cast steel grit |
| USA | SAE J441 | Cut steel wire shot |
| International | ISO 11124-3 ISO |
Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints — metallic blast-cleaning abrasives: high-carbon cast-steel shot and grit |
| International | ISO 11125 ISO |
Test methods for metallic blast-cleaning abrasives (multi-part) |
| International | ISO 8501-1 ISO |
Visual assessment of surface cleanliness — rust grades and preparation grades (Sa 2½ etc.) |
| International | ISO 8503 ISO |
Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates (multi-part) |
Grade equivalents and the standards bodies: Steel grades & standards
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