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Hard, porous, almost pure carbon made by heating a blend of coking coals to about 1,000–1,100 °C without air for 15–24 hours. In the blast furnace coke is fuel, reducing agent and — the job nothing else can do — the permeable skeleton that holds the burden up and lets gas rise and liquid iron drain down.
Coke is made in batteries of narrow ovens. A blend of ground coking coals is charged, heated through the oven walls, and over many hours passes through a plastic stage, gives off its volatile matter as gas and tar and fuses into a solid cake. The coke is pushed out glowing and quenched, either with water or — in coke dry quenching (CDQ) — with circulating inert gas whose heat is recovered as steam. By-product plants recover the gas, tar, benzole and ammonia; heat-recovery ovens burn them for power instead.
A blast furnace consumes about 300–400 kg of coke per tonne of hot metal, with pulverised coal injected beside it. Because the coke must stay lumpy all the way down to the hearth, its strength is the property most specified: cold strength in a drum test (M40, M10 or the ASTM stability index), and hot strength after reaction with CO₂ at 1,100 °C, given as the coke reactivity index (CRI) and the coke strength after reaction (CSR). Ash, sulphur and phosphorus are kept low because they cost slag, fuel and iron quality.
Foundry coke is larger and denser, burned in cupolas to melt cast iron; nut coke, the 10–30 mm fraction, is mixed into the blast-furnace ore layers; and coke breeze, the fines, fuels sinter plants.
China is the world's largest coke producer, and Chinese coke futures on the Dalian exchange are a daily reference — see MESteel's coke futures chart. Poland, Colombia, Indonesia, Russia and Japan also export. The GCC has no coke ovens; foundries and some industrial users import foundry and nut coke, and Iran makes blast-furnace coke at its Isfahan works.
Full dimensions: Metallurgical coke quality parameters and test methods
Coke is bought on analysis and strength; these are the sampling and test methods contracts usually cite.
| Region | Standard | What it covers |
|---|---|---|
| International | ISO 13909 ISO |
Hard coal and coke — mechanical sampling |
| International | ISO 18894 ISO |
Coke — determination of coke reactivity index (CRI) and coke strength after reaction (CSR) |
| International | ISO 556 ISO |
Coke (greater than 20 mm in size) — determination of mechanical strength (M40, M10) |
| International | ISO 728 ISO |
Coke (nominal top size greater than 20 mm) — size analysis by sieving |
| International | ISO 579 ISO |
Coke — determination of total moisture |
| International | ISO 1171 ISO |
Solid mineral fuels — determination of ash |
| USA | ASTM D5341 ASTM |
Measuring coke reactivity index (CRI) and coke strength after reaction (CSR) |
| USA | ASTM D3402 ASTM |
Tumbler test for coke — stability and hardness indices |
| USA | ASTM D3172 ASTM |
Proximate analysis of coal and coke |
Grade equivalents and the standards bodies: Steel grades & standards
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