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The parts that turn straight stainless pipe into a working system: elbows, tees, reducers and caps that change direction and size, and valves that isolate, regulate and protect the flow. They are made from wrought pipe, plate, forgings and castings to ASTM A403, A182 and A351 and to the ASME B16 dimension standards.
Fittings and valves account for a large share of the cost of a stainless piping system and most of its welds. Butt-weld fittings are made from seamless or welded pipe (elbows by hot or cold forming over a mandrel, tees by hydraulic bulging or extrusion) or from plate for large diameters; forged fittings for small bore lines are machined from forgings; valve bodies are cast or forged.
ASTM A403 is the material specification for wrought austenitic stainless fittings, with grades written WP304L, WP316L and so on. A suffix gives the construction: S for seamless, W for welded, WX and WU for welded with the weld fully radiographed or ultrasonically tested, and the CR class for fittings made to MSS SP-43 light-wall rather than ASME B16.9. Duplex and ferritic fittings are covered by ASTM A815 (WPS31803, WPS32750).
Valves combine a cast or forged body (ASTM A351 CF8M is the cast equivalent of 316, CF3M of 316L; ASTM A182 for forged bodies) with trim — stem, seat and ball or disc — that may be a harder or more resistant alloy. ASME B16.34 sets wall thickness and pressure–temperature ratings, and the product standards (API 600 and 602, API 6D, ISO 17292 and others) set the design for each valve type.
Hygienic systems for dairy, beverage and pharmaceutical plant use thin-wall polished tube and fittings with orbital-welded or clamped joints, made to ASME BPE or to dairy standards such as DIN 11851 and SMS, with internal finish specified as an Ra value. In the GCC, stainless fittings and valves are used heavily in desalination (duplex and super duplex for seawater and brine), in oil and gas processing to operators' specifications and ISO 15156, in district cooling and in the food industry; most are imported, from India, China, Italy, Korea and Europe, and held by regional stockists.
A butt-weld fitting is ordered by type, nominal pipe size, the wall schedule it must match, the dimension standard and the grade — for example 'Elbow 90° LR 4 in Sch 10S, ASME B16.9, ASTM A403 WP316L-W'. Small bore forged fittings are ordered by pressure class instead of schedule.
| Region | Standard | What it covers |
|---|---|---|
| USA | ASME B16.9 ASME |
Factory-made wrought butt-welding fittings — dimensions and tolerances |
| USA | ASME B16.11 ASME |
Forged fittings, socket-welding and threaded — Class 2000 to 9000 |
| USA | ASME B16.34 ASME |
Valves — flanged, threaded and welding end; wall thickness and pressure-temperature ratings |
| USA | ASME BPE ASME |
Bioprocessing equipment — hygienic tube, fittings, valves and surface finish for pharmaceutical plant |
| USA | ASTM A403/A403M ASTM |
Wrought austenitic stainless steel piping fittings — WP grades, classes S, W, WX, WU and CR |
| USA | ASTM A815/A815M ASTM |
Wrought ferritic, ferritic/austenitic (duplex) and martensitic stainless steel piping fittings |
| USA | ASTM A351/A351M ASTM |
Austenitic steel castings for pressure-containing parts — CF8, CF8M, CF3M and other valve body grades |
| USA | MSS SP-43 | Wrought and fabricated butt-welding fittings for low pressure, corrosion-resistant applications (light-wall Sch 5S and 10S) |
| USA | API 6D API |
Pipeline and piping valves — ball, gate, plug and check valves for oil and gas |
| Europe | EN 10253-4 CEN-CENELEC |
Butt-welding pipe fittings — wrought austenitic and austenitic-ferritic (duplex) stainless steels with specific inspection requirements |
| International | ISO 17292 ISO |
Metal ball valves for the petroleum, petrochemical and allied industries |
| Germany | DIN 11851 DIN |
Stainless steel fittings for food, chemical and pharmaceutical industry — screwed (dairy) unions |
| Japan | JIS B2312 JSA |
Steel butt-welding pipe fittings |
Grade equivalents and the standards bodies: Steel grades & standards
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