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Fittings change the direction or size of a pipeline or branch it — elbows, tees, reducers, caps and couplings — and valves start, stop, throttle or reverse-protect the flow. Together with flanges they are the 'piping components' that every oil, gas, water and process plant buys alongside its pipe.
Butt-weld fittings are made from seamless or welded pipe and plate: an elbow is hot-formed over a mandrel, a tee is extruded or drawn from a larger pipe, a reducer is pressed down from one end, and each is then heat-treated, bevelled and marked. Their wall thickness is matched to the pipe schedule, so a 6 in Sch 40 elbow welds straight onto 6 in Sch 40 pipe. Small-bore piping, usually NPS 2 and below, uses forged socket-weld and threaded fittings in pressure classes 2000, 3000, 6000 and 9000.
Valve bodies are cast (A216 WCB for carbon steel) or, in smaller sizes and higher classes, forged (A105). Gate valves give full, unobstructed flow and are used fully open or shut; globe valves throttle; ball and plug valves turn a quarter turn and dominate pipelines and gas service; check valves stop backflow; butterfly valves are compact and used for water and large low-pressure lines. A valve's pressure class, like a flange's, fixes what pressure it may carry at each temperature.
Piping components are specified by the piping code (ASME B31.3 for process plant, B31.4 and B31.8 for pipelines) and by the dimension and product standards in the table below. Valves for oil and gas are usually built to API standards and pressure-tested to API 598 or ISO 5208; pipeline valves to API 6D are tested and documented more strictly still.
In the GCC, oil and gas, petrochemical, power, desalination and district cooling projects buy valves and fittings in large quantities, usually against the owner's own material specifications and approved-vendor lists. A few manufacturers assemble and test valves in the region; most fittings and valve bodies are imported, mainly from China, India, Italy, Korea and Europe. They are bought together with flanges, seamless pipes and fasteners to one piping class.
A fitting is ordered by type, size, wall thickness (schedule) and material — '8 in × 6 in concentric reducer, Sch 40, ASTM A234 WPB, seamless, ASME B16.9'. A valve is ordered by type, size, class, end connection, body and trim material and the standard it is built and tested to.
| Region | Standard | What it covers |
|---|---|---|
| USA | ASME B16.9 ASME |
Factory-made wrought butt-welding fittings — dimensions and tolerances |
| USA | ASME B16.11 ASME |
Forged fittings, socket-welding and threaded, Classes 2000 to 9000 |
| USA | ASME B16.34 ASME |
Valves — flanged, threaded and welding end; pressure–temperature ratings, wall thickness and testing |
| USA | ASME B16.10 ASME |
Face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of valves |
| USA | API 600 API |
Steel gate valves with flanged and butt-welding ends and bolted bonnets |
| USA | API 6D API |
Pipeline and piping valves — ball, gate, plug and check valves for pipeline service |
| USA | API 598 API |
Valve inspection and testing — shell, seat and backseat tests |
| USA | API 608 API |
Metal ball valves — flanged, threaded and welding ends |
| USA | MSS SP-75 | High-strength, wrought, butt-welding fittings for pipeline service |
| USA | MSS SP-97 | Integrally reinforced forged branch outlet fittings — socket-welding, threaded and butt-welding ends |
| USA | ASTM A234/A234M ASTM |
Piping fittings of wrought carbon steel and alloy steel for moderate and high temperature service (WPB, WP11, WP22) |
| USA | ASTM A216/A216M ASTM |
Carbon steel castings suitable for fusion welding for high-temperature service — WCA, WCB, WCC valve bodies |
| Europe | EN 10253 CEN-CENELEC |
Butt-welding pipe fittings — Part 1 wrought carbon steel for general use, Part 2 non-alloy and ferritic alloy steels with specific inspection requirements |
| Europe | EN 12516 CEN-CENELEC |
Industrial valves — shell design strength |
| International | ISO 5208 ISO |
Industrial valves — pressure testing of metallic valves |
| Germany | DIN 2605 / DIN 2615 / DIN 2616 replaced by EN 10253 |
Butt-welding elbows, tees and reducers |
Grade equivalents and the standards bodies: Steel grades & standards
Steel Mills - Agents & Traders · Coil Service Center · Stockist - Distributor · Fabrication · Jeddah
Steel Mills - Agents & Traders · Coil Service Center · Stockist - Distributor · Fabrication · Jeddah
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