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Stainless steel cast into moulds as a solid block rather than continuously cast into slabs and billets. Ingots are now a niche: they feed heavy open-die forgings, electroslag and vacuum-arc remelting for premium grades, and foundries that remelt small ingots as clean charge for castings.
Stainless steel is melted from scrap and ferro-alloys in an electric arc furnace and refined in an argon-oxygen decarburisation (AOD) or vacuum oxygen decarburisation (VOD) converter, which brings the carbon down without losing chromium. Almost all of it is then continuously cast into slabs, blooms and billets; ingot casting — pouring the steel into individual cast-iron moulds — survives where continuous casting cannot do the job.
The main use is for heavy forgings. A large shaft, ring or tube sheet needs more metal, and a thicker section, than a continuous caster can produce, so the steel is teemed into an ingot of tens of tonnes, often under vacuum to remove hydrogen, and forged down with a large reduction to close the centre porosity. Ingots for critical uses are made as electrodes and remelted by electroslag remelting (ESR) or vacuum arc remelting (VAR), which gives cleaner, more uniform steel with fewer inclusions and less segregation — the route for aerospace, nuclear and high-end valve and pump grades.
A separate trade is in small remelt ingots: foundries and investment casters buy notched ingots or bars of a known stainless grade as clean, analysed charge, which is easier to control than mixed scrap. Ingot quality is judged on chemistry, cleanness, and surface and internal soundness, and ingots are sold with a heat analysis certificate.
The GCC's steel industry is built around carbon steel, so stainless ingots, forgings and remelt stock are mostly imported, from Europe, India and China. Regional forging and foundry shops buy semi-finished stock and remelt ingots for local repair and replacement parts.
Ingots are ordered by grade, weight and shape (for forging ingots, by the forge shop's mould design), melting and refining route (AOD, VOD, ESR, VAR), and chemistry limits.
Ingots are bought on grade and chemistry; there is no ingot product standard, so the composition lists below are what an order refers to.
| Region | Standard | What it covers |
|---|---|---|
| International | ISO 15510 ISO |
Stainless steels — chemical composition: the international list of grades and their limits |
| USA | ASTM A959 ASTM |
Harmonized standard grade compositions for wrought stainless steels |
| Europe | EN 10088-1 CEN-CENELEC |
Stainless steels — list of stainless steels with their chemical compositions and physical properties |
| USA | ASTM A484/A484M ASTM |
General requirements for stainless steel bars, billets and forgings — the products made from ingots |
Grade equivalents and the standards bodies: Steel grades & standards
Steel Mills - Agents & Traders · Stockist - Distributor · Other Steel Users · Riyadh
Steel Mills - Agents & Traders · Other Steel Users · Surface Treatment · Cairo
Steel Mills - Agents & Traders · Stockist - Distributor · Other Steel Users · Riyadh
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