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Medium- to high-carbon steels, plain or alloyed with silicon, chromium and vanadium, that are hardened and tempered to a very high yield strength so that a part can bend or twist a long way and spring back. Spring steel goes into vehicle leaf and coil springs, railway clips, washers, clips and every kind of wire spring.
A spring stores energy by deforming elastically, so the steel needs a very high elastic limit and good fatigue strength. Carbon in the range 0.5–1.0% gives the hardness; silicon raises the elastic limit, chromium and manganese raise hardenability for thick leaves and bars, and vanadium refines the grain and adds toughness. After forming, the part is quenched and tempered to around 40–50 HRC, and often shot peened to put the surface in compression and lengthen fatigue life.
Hot-formed springs — vehicle leaf springs, heavy coil springs, stabiliser bars and rail clips — are made from hot-rolled spring flats and bars, hardened after forming. Cold-formed springs are coiled from wire or stamped from strip that is already hard: patented cold-drawn wire, oil-hardened and tempered wire, and hardened and tempered strip. Stainless spring wire and strip are used where corrosion matters.
Spring flats are a distinctive product: rolled with slightly rounded or tapered edges, sometimes with a centre groove, to the widths that leaf-spring makers use. Parabolic springs, with leaves tapered along their length, need flats with tight thickness tolerances.
The GCC's commercial-vehicle fleet, bus and trailer builders and spring-repair shops consume spring flats, almost all imported from India, China, Turkey and Europe; spring wire for furniture, mattress and industrial springs is drawn locally by some wire mills and imported. For ordinary carbon-steel spring flats see spring flat bars.
| Region | Standard | What it covers |
|---|---|---|
| Europe | EN 10089 CEN-CENELEC |
Hot-rolled steels for quenched and tempered springs — bars, rod and flats |
| Europe | EN 10132-4 CEN-CENELEC |
Cold-rolled narrow steel strip for heat treatment — spring steels |
| Europe | EN 10270-1 CEN-CENELEC |
Steel wire for mechanical springs — patented cold-drawn unalloyed wire |
| Europe | EN 10270-2 CEN-CENELEC |
Steel wire for mechanical springs — oil-hardened and tempered wire |
| Europe | EN 10270-3 CEN-CENELEC |
Steel wire for mechanical springs — stainless spring wire |
| USA | ASTM A689 ASTM |
Carbon and alloy steel bars for springs |
| USA | ASTM A228/A228M ASTM |
Music spring quality steel wire |
| USA | ASTM A229/A229M ASTM |
Oil-tempered carbon steel wire for mechanical springs |
| USA | ASTM A401/A401M ASTM |
Chromium-silicon alloy spring wire |
| Japan | JIS G4801 JSA |
Spring steels — SUP6, SUP9, SUP10, SUP11A … |
| China | GB/T 1222 SAC |
Spring steels — 60Si2Mn, 55CrMnA, 50CrVA … |
| Russia / CIS | GOST 14959 | Spring steel — 60S2A, 65G, 50KhFA … |
Grade equivalents and the standards bodies: Steel grades & standards
Local Steel Mills · Steel Mills - Agents & Traders · Coil Service Center · Stockist - Distributor · Other Steel Users · Jeddah
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