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Two related families of steel that work at high temperature: heat-resisting (scaling-resistant) steels, high in chromium and nickel, that withstand oxidation in furnaces up to 1,100 °C and more; and creep-resistant chromium-molybdenum steels that keep their strength under pressure in boilers, piping and refinery vessels at 400–600 °C.
Steel loses strength as it heats and, above about 550 °C, begins to scale. Heat-resisting steels deal with the second problem: 18–25% chromium, with silicon and aluminium in some grades, forms a dense oxide layer that protects the metal, and nickel keeps an austenitic structure that stays strong and does not embrittle. Grades such as 1.4828 (309 type) and 1.4845 (310S) serve in furnaces, kilns, burners, radiant tubes and heat-treatment baskets; ferritic grades such as 1.4762 resist sulphur-bearing atmospheres.
Creep-resistant steels deal with the first. Under a steady load at high temperature, steel slowly stretches (creeps) and eventually ruptures, so boiler tubes, steam piping and hydrocracker reactors are designed on creep strength. Molybdenum and chromium raise it: 16Mo3 and 13CrMo4-5 (P11/P12 type) for moderate temperatures, 10CrMo9-10 (P22) higher, and the modified 9% chromium steel X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91) for modern high-temperature power and refinery plant.
Heat-resisting grades are melted and rolled like stainless steel; creep-resistant grades come from plate and tube mills with normalising and tempering lines. Both are welded with matching consumables, and the Cr-Mo grades need preheat and post-weld heat treatment.
The GCC is a large consumer through its power and desalination plants, refineries, petrochemical crackers and aluminium smelters, and through heat-treatment and furnace builders. Pressure parts are specified to ASTM/ASME in most projects, with EN equivalents in European-designed plants; the steel is imported, much of it as finished tube and fittings.
| Region | Standard | What it covers |
|---|---|---|
| Europe | EN 10095 CEN-CENELEC |
Heat-resisting steels and nickel alloys — flat and long products |
| Europe | EN 10302 CEN-CENELEC |
Creep-resisting steels, nickel and cobalt alloys |
| Europe | EN 10028-2 CEN-CENELEC |
Flat products for pressure purposes — non-alloy and alloy steels with elevated-temperature properties (16Mo3, 13CrMo4-5, 10CrMo9-10) |
| Europe | EN 10216-2 CEN-CENELEC |
Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes — elevated-temperature properties |
| International | ISO 4955 ISO |
Heat-resistant steels and alloys |
| USA | ASTM A240/A240M ASTM |
Chromium and chromium-nickel stainless plate, sheet and strip — includes 309S and 310S |
| USA | ASTM A387/A387M ASTM |
Pressure vessel plates, alloy steel, chromium-molybdenum — Grades 11, 22, 91 |
| USA | ASTM A335/A335M ASTM |
Seamless ferritic alloy-steel pipe for high-temperature service — P11, P22, P91 |
| USA | ASTM A213/A213M ASTM |
Seamless ferritic and austenitic alloy-steel boiler, superheater and heat-exchanger tubes |
| USA | ASTM A297/A297M ASTM |
Iron-chromium and iron-chromium-nickel heat-resistant castings |
| Japan | JIS G4312 JSA |
Heat-resisting steel plates and sheets |
Grade equivalents and the standards bodies: Steel grades & standards
Steel Mills - Agents & Traders · Coil Service Center · Stockist - Distributor · Fabrication · Jeddah
Steel Mills - Agents & Traders · Stockist - Distributor · Fabrication · Other Steel Users · Dubai
Steel Mills - Agents & Traders · Coil Service Center · Stockist - Distributor · Fabrication · Jeddah
Steel Mills - Agents & Traders · Fabrication · Design - Engineering · Amman
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