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Steel sections with interlocking edges, driven or vibrated into the ground side by side to form a continuous wall that holds back soil and water. Sheet piles build permanent quay walls, river banks and basement walls, and temporary cofferdams and excavation supports; lighter trench sheets support the sides of shallow trenches.
A sheet pile is a steel section with a lock — an interlock — along each edge. Driven one after another, each pile threads into the lock of the last, so the piles form a continuous wall. The wall is then held by its embedment in the ground, by anchors or by props, and resists the pressure of the soil and water behind it. Because a sheet pile wall is installed before the ground is dug out, it is the standard way to build a dry working space below the water table.
Hot-rolled sheet piles are rolled from blooms or beam blanks on heavy section mills, with the interlocks formed in the last passes. The two main shapes are U piles (the Larssen type), whose locks sit on the centre line of the wall, and Z piles, whose locks sit on the outer flanges and give a higher section modulus per tonne. Straight-web piles resist tension rather than bending and build circular cells; combined walls use heavy H-section king piles with sheet piles between them for deep quay walls.
Cold-formed sheet piles and trench sheets are bent from hot-rolled strip. They are lighter and cheaper, with simpler hook-type locks, and are used for shallow excavations, trench support and temporary works that can be pulled out and reused.
In the GCC sheet piles are used for marine works — quays, jetties, marinas and reclaimed waterfronts — and for supporting deep basement excavations in coastal cities where the water table is high. Most material is imported from mills in Europe, East Asia and India, often with a coating or extra steel thickness allowed for corrosion in the warm, saline conditions.
Piles are chosen by the section modulus of the finished wall per metre of length (cm³/m), the steel grade and the thickness that will remain after the design life's corrosion. Each mill rolls its own profile names; a wall designed with one mill's section is not automatically interchangeable with another's.
| Region | Standard | What it covers |
|---|---|---|
| Europe | EN 10248-1 CEN-CENELEC |
Hot-rolled sheet piling of non-alloy steels — technical delivery conditions (grades S240GP to S460AP) |
| Europe | EN 10248-2 CEN-CENELEC |
Hot-rolled sheet piling — tolerances on shape and dimensions |
| Europe | EN 10249-1 CEN-CENELEC |
Cold-formed sheet piling of non-alloy steels — technical delivery conditions |
| Europe | EN 10249-2 CEN-CENELEC |
Cold-formed sheet piling — tolerances on shape and dimensions |
| Europe | EN 12063 CEN-CENELEC |
Execution of special geotechnical work — sheet pile walls |
| USA | ASTM A328/A328M ASTM |
Steel sheet piling — carbon steel, 270 MPa minimum yield |
| USA | ASTM A572/A572M ASTM |
High-strength low-alloy columbium-vanadium steel, used for sheet piling in Grades 50 to 65 |
| USA | ASTM A690/A690M ASTM |
High-strength low-alloy steel with improved resistance to seawater splash-zone corrosion, for piles |
| Japan | JIS A5528 JSA |
Hot-rolled steel sheet piles — grades SY295 and SY390 |
| Japan | JIS A5523 JSA |
Weldable hot-rolled steel sheet piles |
| China | GB/T 20933 SAC |
Hot-rolled U-type steel sheet piles |
Grade equivalents and the standards bodies: Steel grades & standards
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