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Steel chain is a line of interlinked links that carries tension while staying flexible. Welded round-steel chain is used for lifting slings and hoists, stud-link chain for ships' anchors and moorings, and precision roller and conveyor chains for transmitting power and moving materials; each family has its own grades and standards.
Round-link chain is made from wire rod or bar: the bar is cut, bent into links that are threaded through each other, flash-butt or resistance welded, and calibrated. Chain for lifting is made from alloy steel and quenched and tempered to its grade, then every length is proof loaded. The grade number is the mean stress at the minimum breaking force in tens of N/mm² — Grade 8 chain breaks at 800 N/mm² — and the working load limit is a quarter of the breaking force.
Grade 8 (Grade 80 in American usage) is the standard lifting chain worldwide and Grade 10 (Grade 100) carries about a quarter more for the same size and weight. A chain sling is chain plus master link, couplings and hooks, all of the same grade, assembled and tagged with its working load limit for each angle. Lifting chain must never be made of ordinary 'proof coil' or general-purpose chain, which has a much lower grade.
Stud-link chain, with a bar across each link to stop it kinking, is used for ships' anchors and is graded U1, U2 and U3 under the classification societies' rules; offshore mooring chain for rigs and floating production units is made in the higher R3 to R5 grades. Roller chain and engineered conveyor chain are precision machined assemblies of plates, pins, bushes and rollers, standardised by pitch.
In the GCC, lifting chain and slings are used in construction, ports, oil and gas and steel plants, and are supplied by distributors and sling makers who assemble and certify slings locally from imported chain and components. Lifting equipment there is generally subject to periodic thorough examination by competent inspectors under national and company rules.
Lifting chain is ordered by grade, nominal size (bar diameter) and length or as a complete sling. See the Grade 8 chain table for working load limits and breaking forces.
Full dimensions: Grade 8 (Grade 80) lifting chain — working load limit and breaking force (EN 818-2)
| Region | Standard | What it covers |
|---|---|---|
| Europe | EN 818-2 CEN-CENELEC |
Short link chain for lifting purposes — medium tolerance chain for chain slings, Grade 8 |
| Europe | EN 818-4 CEN-CENELEC |
Short link chain for lifting purposes — chain slings, Grade 8 |
| Europe | EN 818-7 CEN-CENELEC |
Short link chain for lifting purposes — fine tolerance hoist chain, Grade T |
| International | ISO 3076 ISO |
Short link chain for lifting purposes — Grade T(8), non-calibrated, for chain slings |
| International | ISO 3077 ISO |
Short link chain for lifting purposes — Grade T(8), fine-tolerance hoist chain |
| USA | ASTM A391/A391M ASTM |
Grade 80 alloy steel chain |
| USA | ASTM A973/A973M ASTM |
Grade 100 alloy steel chain |
| International | ISO 1704 ISO |
Ships and marine technology — stud-link anchor chains |
| International | ISO 606 ISO |
Short-pitch transmission precision roller and bush chains, attachments and sprockets |
| International | ISO 1977 ISO |
Conveyor chains, their attachments and sprockets |
Grade equivalents and the standards bodies: Steel grades & standards
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